Scientists snap together molecular building blocks of brain computing

Synapses are specialized brain structures where learning and memory occur. The efficient transmission of synaptic signals relies on the delicate structure and complex molecular composition of the synapses. However, the small size (several hundred nanometers in diameter) and heterogeneous nature of the synapses pose significant challenges in direct observation of the molecules inside synapses.

Based on a proposed processing technique for in situ cryo-electron tomography, researchers from University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) and Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) became the first scientists to observe individual GABAA receptors and their organization on the synaptic membrane, endowing the brain’s ability for information processing.

“The advance of this study comes from the in situ cryo-electron microscopy, a method that preserves the cells in native states and has an order of magnitude of higher resolution compared to the super-resolution optical microscopy,” said Tao Changlu, postdoctoral fellow from USTC and the study’s co-first author, now associate investigator at SIAT.

This image processing technique is able to automatically locate the membrane proteins in their cellular context. “To ensure that we detect every receptor on the postsynaptic membrane, we oversampled the synaptic membrane and classified all the sampled 3-D images without any template” said Liu Yuntao, graduate student from USTC and the study’s co-first author, now postdoctoral fellow at UCLA. “We even used the negative control that sampling the presynaptic membrane to validate our observation.”

Once the receptors were detected, researchers suddenly realized that the receptors are not randomly distributed on the membrane: they tend to keep the same 11 nm ‘social distancing’ from each other. Intriguingly, the receptors can rotate freely, even though constrained by distance.

“The social distancing among receptors could arise from their interactions with scaffolding molecules—gephyrins,” said Bi Guoqiang, professor of neuroscience at USTC and senior author of the paper.

The scaffolding molecules form a 5-nm thick density sheet to support and regulate GABAA receptors on the membrane. Together, they form an absorbing semi-ordered structure called a ‘mesophasic assembly.’

A mesophasic state is in between the liquid and solid, which might be induced by the multivalent interaction between receptors and their scaffolding molecules and attract the readily-releasable vesicles containing neurotransmitters. The inhibitory synapses could store information by arranging the GABAA receptors in such a low-entropy Goldilocks state.

This semi-ordered structure differs from the previously proposed hexagonal lattice organization of GABAA receptors and gephyrins. Notably, each synapse tends to contain one mesophasic assembly, rather than multiple nano-domains as observed in excitatory synapses with super-resolution optical microscopy.

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